Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation forest carbon. Defries1, thomas rudel2, maria uriarte1 and matthew hansen3 reducing atmospheric carbon emissions from tropical deforestation is at present considered a costeffective option for mitigatingclimatechange. The dark areas are forest, the white is deforested areas, and the gray is regrowth. Tropical deforestation is responsible for about 20% of world greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock policy brief 3 3 share of deforested land converted to pasture and cropland, 20002010 0 20 40 60 80 100 percentage of total deforested land projected to be converted to pasture cropland al ia r y u a a ricala asgua panama hotspots diffuse deforestation areas pasture cropland 39% 59% source.
One example of deforestation in singapore would be the urbanization projects in punggol. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture deborah lawrence and karen vandecar tower, groundbased and satellite observations indicate that tropical deforestation results in warmer, drier conditions at the local scale. Proliferation of urban centres, their impact on the worlds environment and the potential role of the gef 3 policy and management implications the trend towards urbanization, and the opportunities for introducing sustainability into the process, are complex technically, sociologically and financially. The observations starkly reverse assumptions by some scientists that fastgrowing urbanization and the efficiencies of global trade might eventually slow or reverse tropical deforestation. Sprawling growth of cities has converted forests into cities thus losing the forest or decrease in forest area. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation. To add more land for urbanization and production of houses. Rural to urban migration is a phenomenon that has been occurring since cities were first established.
Mar 04, 20 deforestation is specially serious in places as the amazon the world has become predominantly urban. Population growth is a major hindrance to attainment of sustainable development. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers. Forest ecology classifying drivers of global forest loss. Urbanization, export crops drive deforestation the earth. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing.
Deforestation and biodiversity loss south asia shares approximately 19 per cent of the asian and pacific region total forest cover, providing crossborder habitats for a wealth of species. One strike effect is on the natural resources such as forest lands. Sometimes deforestation happens when people change the land into farms, ranches and cities. Hansen global maps of forest loss depict the scale and magnitude of forest disturbance, yet. Deforestation and forest degradation as an environmental. Effects of changes in forestland ownership on deforestation. In this case, agriculture is the main immediate driver of deforestation, which is influenced by underlying factors, such as the expansion of. In general, areas of high population growth overlap with those that. Deforestation can also occur to produce the wood and organic materials needed for a variety of industries. We seek to fill this gap by presenting the results of a systematic and quantitative metaanalysis of what drives deforestation and what stops it. The urban development of the town consists of the residence areas from the first, second, and third classes, in addition.
Forest degradation and a deforestation product was developed using bfast 3 approach of the wageningen university. Mining, infrastructure and urban expansion are important but less prominent. Urban areas by default are surrounded by rural areas. Sep 29, 2017 tom rough described two main drivers of deforestation derived from global urbanization. The country has enforced logging laws and protected forest areas to curb deforestation, but the increase of migration.
However, with more urbanization there is more deforestation. A global analysis of deforestation due to biofuel development. More broadly, we argue that urbanization in the amazon is better interpreted as a symptom rather than a driver of the regions land use and. Urbanization in the amazon can be described as occurring in three phases. Urbanization, export crops drive deforestation date. Deforestation is specially serious in places as the amazon. The earth institute at columbia university summary. Mining seems to play an important role in deforestation in the pretransition phase, but this is likely due to the presence of some. Introduction understanding drivers of deforestation and degradation is fundamental for the development of policies and measures content from this work may be used under the terms.
Smallholder farmers are often implicated in scientific literature and policy documents. So that timber can be gathered to produce items such as paper, furniture, and other such necessities. The alarming urbanization of the amazon news planetizen. When looking at deforestation embodied in total final consumption, the. A lot of deforestation is caused by the removal of all the trees from a forest for wood or fuel. According to the united nations, 75% of the worlds population will be. Within the subregion the islamic republic of iran and pakistan are the countries with the highest rates of deforestation. Deforestation is has a result of the interaction of environmental, social, cultural and political forces in a given region. Urbanization, export crops drive deforestation sciencedaily. Mar 11, 2017 we seek to fill this gap by presenting the results of a systematic and quantitative metaanalysis of what drives deforestation and what stops it. Bibtex entry for this abstract preferred format for this abstract see preferences find.
This study analyzes the extent to which greenhouse gas ghg emissions may be affected by a plan to purchase private forestland for the expansion of carbon sinks, focusing on how changes in forestland ownership affect deforestation and urbanization and how subsequent changes in deforestation and urbanization affect ghg emissions, using south korea as a case study. Urbanization and deforestation are linked together for a variety of reasons. The changes in area of forest by region and subregion are shown in table 1. The drivers of tropical deforestation have shifted in the early 21st century to hinge on growth of cities and the globalized agricultural trade, a new largescale study concludes. Deforestation causes the carbon in the trees to go into the air again, and this causes more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, deforestation causes global warming. Forest ecology classifying drivers of global forest loss philip g. The accumulation in the earths atmosphere of these gases is mainly the result of the gargantuan consumption of the developed countries, particularly the united states. Rapid urbanization and increased deforestation are phenomena that causes threat to the environment. The researchers note that urbanization raises consumption levels and leads to an increase in demand for agricultural. Urban development and deforestation university of khartoum. Large scale, capitalistic grain farming urbanization processes in different countries reflect the differential evolution of human values. Indeed some 31 countries do not even make the list because they have already removed most of their forests and even if that remain are seriously fragmented and degraded. Alexander mather coined the term forest transition, outlined a theory to explain it, and carried out a series of careful historical.
Deforestation is when forests are destroyed by cutting and not replanted. The observations starkly reverse assumptions by some scientists that fastgrowing urbanization and the efficiencies of global trade might eventually slow or reverse. In general, areas of high population growth overlap with those that have experienced high forest loss over the years figure 1. In africa and subtropical asia it accounts for around of deforestation and is of similar importance to subsistence agriculture. The drivers of tropical deforestation have shifted in the early. Causes, effects and control strategies 5 deforestation are maintained. Deforestation deforestation regrowth undisturbed forest forest fragments figure 1. Urban deforestation is taken to mean in this research complete eradication of forest vegetation to provide land for new urban residential extensions. This serves as a base for assessing disturbances during the monitoring.
There is a clear correlation between deforestation and the prices of soybean. The wwf states that 50 percent of the trees that are used as fuel are illegally cut down. Urbanization versus deforestation wall street international. Urbanization is the driving force for modernization, including economic and social development and there is increasing concern about the effects of expanding towns and cities. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and india. The state of the world population 2007 report, released by the united nations six years ago, estimated that more than half of the worlds population would have lived in cities and towns. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twenty.
Conflicts with nonfarm neighbors and vandalism, such as destruction of crops and damage. But in a new study published in nature geoscience by scientists at columbias e3b department, researchers found that deforestation is now driven largely by urbanization and trade. In rural areas, however, the link between deforestation and population growth was absent, indicating that urbanization and agricultural exportoriented economies were the primary drivers for forest loss. In many countries, people clear land to use it for other purposes, such as agriculture, pasture land, and urban development. According to some sources, around 32 % people of pakistan live in urban areas and if the current growth rate of urbanization is kept, pakistans urban population will surpass the rural one by 2030. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. The top 10 countries experiencing the greatest forest loss have large populations, many of which continue to grow rapidly table 1. What are the main three causes of rapid urbanization and how can we prevent or reduce deforestation to protect such valuable assets for future generations. There is a correlation between urbanization and an increase in meat consumption because when people move from rural to urban areas they tend to make more money and can afford more.
According to fao, deforestation is the conversion of. The wri report is entirely designed to blame developing countries for sharing the responsibility for global warming. Mar 04, 2018 the urbanization and deforestation class discussion focused on four major causes of deforestation. The state of the world population 2007 report, released by the united nations six years ago, estimated that more than half of the worlds population would have lived in cities and towns by the following year. Basic concepts of deforestation, degradation, and fragmentation 2. It was a logical conclusion that the migration of peoples from rural places to the city would mean that deforestation would decelerate. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and agricultural trade in the twentyfirst century finds deforestation is positively correlated with urban population growth and agricultural exports to international markets. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries view the table of contents for this issue, or go to the journal homepage for more. While urbanization can reduce direct pressures on forests by the migration of rural residents to population centers, urban and suburban sprawl can be damaging when they occur in frontier settlements and boomtowns. Effects of tropical deforestation on climate and agriculture. The dark areas are forest, the white is deforested areas, and the gray. A future for the amazon, a future for all the amazon rainforest is the worlds largest tropical rainforest.
Mar 05, 2010 the journal nature geoscience recently published a study comparing the impacts of rural and urban population growth on deforestation. Give examples from the us or different parts of the world to support your argument. The first is the increase in demand of meat products by an urban population. Chapter 6 land department of environmental affairs. The three main causes of deforestation in the world are. Deforestation and climate change climate institute. However, for singapore, given our strategic location as a global industrial hub in asean, the main purpose of singapores deforestation is to clear land for economic uses, building cities, and to cater to the rapidly growing population. The role of food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries in human nutrition vol. How resource extraction is leading to urban growth in the brazilian amazon. Iii the impact of urbanization on rural land use christopher bryant encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 2.
Pdf reducing atmospheric carbon emissions from tropical deforestation is at present. Secondly, urbanization causes deforestation by the simple need for space. Pdf deforestation drive by urban population growth and. Deforestation driven by urban population growth and. There is a clear linkages between deforestation and worlds demands of fiber, food, and fuel understanding the underlying or indirect causes of deforestation is crucial to address redd and climate change most deforestation is driven from outside forestry sector e. Understanding the regional or global impacts of deforestation on climate, and ultimately on agriculture. According to some sources, around 32 % people of pakistan live in urban areas and if the current growth rate of urbanization is kept, pakistans urban.
A project based algorithm for forest disturbance was developed and this is applied on a forest mask to produce a forest dynamic model using historical data. Urbanization presents many challenges for farmers on the urban fringe. However, that does not mean saving the forests is a lost cause, despite upward trends in urbanization. Concluding remarks there is a clear linkages between deforestation and worlds demands of fiber, food, and fuel understanding the underlying or indirect causes of deforestation is crucial to address redd and climate change most deforestation is driven from outside forestry sector e. Deforestation is the process of cutting down trees and clearing land. As the papers abstract concludes, efforts need to focus on reducing deforestation for industrialscale, exportoriented agricultural production, concomitant with efforts to increase yields. Urban and residential area expansion cause significant forest loss, both in the consumption of building materials and as a source of land.
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